The Origins Of Micro And Macro Social Work Practice

History serves to educate us about our past and guide the future. As social workers it is important to understand the history of our profession in order to appreciate how the current practices came into being and in turn how our history affects our current practice. To adequately serve the various populations, we must understand the historical oppression and discrimination they faced so we can provide culturally competent service delivery. This essay will compare and contrast the origins of micro and macro social work practice and how they are reflected in modern practice. In looking at the historical development of social work, I think it is fair to say that the profession started with a focus on micro-level practice. For some time a variety of different people groups such as women and African-Americans were oppressed and discriminated against. â€Å"The effects of discrimination, ideological shifts, and economic and technological changes created social pressures, and the first organized efforts to respond to these pressures formed the basis for the creation of social work† (Netting, Kettner, McMurtry, Thomas, 2012, p. 39). Early social work focused on individuals and casting blame on them for their circumstances. Social workers had good intentions, but believed poor people were poor because of some failing on their part and often held a moralistic view that they were better than those they were helping. Social work has always had some type of organization behind theShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic Remains A Public Health Concern Worldwide1115 Words   |  5 PagesFamily) study; and VI) the rationale and need for this research. 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Within Marx’ understanding of religion, ideologiesRead MoreMy Vision Of The Social Work Field906 Words   |  4 PagesMy vision of the social work field is being able to help people in need and being the person that people can look back on and remember as a huge help in time of need. I think my core values and beliefs will help me be an effective social worker and help me succeed in this field. It is in my belief that a person should never be knocked down when they are going through hardships, and rather empowering them. I also believe that not everyone could be a social worker because it takes a certain kind of

World War Entry Essay - 1042 Words

January 1917- This war has been going on now for almost three years now, between countries all around the world, but mainly Europe. It has been both devastating so far to the lives of many uninvolved individuals, and has used all the countries’ resources and destroyed land. America has not entered the war yet, but I can see it coming in the near future as our president Woodrow Wilson becomes more and more upset with innocent Americans being killed and no fight back. April 1917- The bold letters of, â€Å"America Officially at War† cover the headlines of every newspaper I see. Just as I expected, there was no way our country would sit and watch for any longer. Propaganda signs cover walls persuading people to â€Å"Join the War† and â€Å"Do their†¦show more content†¦After the many near to death experiences I went through, it is a miracle that I am still here. I now return to my hometown, Columbus, Ohio to reunite with my family, after not being with them for several years. Returning back is exciting, seeing the family I’ve missed for so long, and coming back to my house and my town where I have lived all my life. December 1918- I returned home a changed person. Wherever I went, people flocked to see me, calling me â€Å"An American Hero.† It is different from the occasional recognition I was receiving from being a somewhat famous racecar driver. Now, directors ask me to act in movies, to endorse products and to be featured in commercials. However, I decline all requests. The most important for me is to be with my family. I missed them tremendously while I was overseas, and know that they need me as the country recovers from aftermath of the Great War. One thing I notice almost immediately upon arrival is the increasing amount of women working in places I would never see them in before the war. Seeing women as factory workers and other jobs would have been unheard of before the Great War because these jobs were usually taken on by men. 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Gonzales V. Raich Free Essays

Pace University Michael Khoo LAW 101 Gonzales v. Raich(545 U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Gonzales V. Raich or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 (U. S. Sup. Ct. 2005)) I. FACTS Angel Raich and Diane Monson (plaintiffs) suffered from serious medical conditions and the only effective treatment was the use of Marijuana which was recommended by the doctors. In 1996, a California statue, under the name of The Compassionate Use Act, was established to legally allow marijuana to be used only for medicinal purposes. Monson cultivated her own Marijuana for her own usage as she relied on it heavily for daily functions. The Drug Enforcement Administration (defendant) came to Monson’s house, discovered the cannabis plants and destroyed all six of them. Raich and Monson sued the DEA to obtain an injunction that would inhibit the enforcement of the federal Control Substance Act (CSA) on Monson. The CSA classifies marijuana as a controlled substance. Raich and Monson claimed that enforcing the CSA would violate the Commerce Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. II. JUDGEMENT Angel Raich and Diane Monson (plaintiffs) won the case. The Drug Enforcement Administration (defendant) lost the case. III. LEGAL PRINCIPAL A. ISSUE Whether Congress’ power to regulate interstate markets for medical substances encompasses the portions of those markets that are supplied with drugs produced and consumed locally. B. HOLDING No. IV. REASONING A. GENERAL ANALYSIS In this Constitutional Case, the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) gives Congress and the Federal government the right to confiscate and/ or destroy any discovered controlled substances. Marijuana is considered a schedule 1 controlled substance due to hazards, high potential for abuse and lack of medicinal benefits. The Compassionate Use Act was created in 1996 in California as a statue that legally allows Marijuana to be used only for medicinal and medical purposes. The argument used against the DEA for enforcing the CSA on the plaintiffs is that it would be a violation of the Commerce Clause which is a major component of the Fifth Amendment. The Commerce Clause establishes that the congress has the authority to oversee, regulate and intervene in interstate commercial activity. B. APPLIED ANALYSIS The Controlled Substance Act’s jurisdiction was used by the DEA to destroy Marijuana in Monson’s house because of the simple fact that Marijuana is categorized as a Schedule 1 controlled substance. However the plaintiffs argue that such action would take away the power of the Commerce Clause of the Fifth Amendment which states that the federal government body has the authority to overlook and regulate interstate activity. Nowhere in that clause does it give the federal body the power to regulate intrastate activity which is the case of the cultivation of marijuana in Monson’s house. In addition to that, the Compassionate Use Act supports the cultivation of marijuana in Monson’s house because Monson is a patient who was severely ill and whose life was dependent on the usage of Marijuana for recovery. According to the circumstances of this case in which the possession of marijuana was due to health, medical and medicinal reason, and for abuse purposes, the Supreme Court has overruled the DEA to execute the CSA on Monson. How to cite Gonzales V. Raich, Papers

Journal of Ministerial Deveopment

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Ministerial Deveopment? Answer: Experience: Special Education Project I am a pastor of a Catholic Church in west of London, and in the year 2015 on the month of November, one of my friend invited me to his ministry. I visited his ministry, and saw that he is working on a very unique project. His project is mainly associated with different schools and the education that is being provided to the students in schools. The students in the schools are not being provided with teachings like fire drills, and things like that but they are being provided with different kinds of education; they are being taught to deal with critical incidents that may arise at any point of time. There are times when the students face critical situations like violence, abuse, injuries because of any kind of accident or something, which could create a trauma inside the students and the trauma is not only devastating for the school but also for the community as well. My friend, provide emotional support to these students or to the children so that they could easily come out of the t rauma and could live a better life. He asked me to accompany in him in his project, at first I was skeptical about accompanying him because I was busy studying the Bible at that time; then I thought that if I have to develop myself as a pastor then I should be aware of the critical conditions that the sons of God face almost every day, so I changed my mind and accompanied him in his project. It is true that being a pastor I have lots of work to do and I have commitments towards my family as well, so I hesitated at first, but then I accompanied him in his project. Exploration: There are so many schools around the district where my friends work as a pastor. The schools are all good but at times there are some unexpected incidents that could take place in the life of the students that could change the life of the students studying in the schools. The different kinds of incidents that could take place in the life of the students include incidents like accidents and abuses as well as violence. Incidents like, fire, flood and other natural and man-made threats could affect the life of the student, in more than one ways, and it could emotionally affect the students as well. Therefore, fighting fires and floods and other disaster physically, should not be the main aim of the schools, they should make sure that the students who are going through the trauma of any kind of disaster should come out of it easily. Moreover at times there are students in the schools, who commit suicide, and things such as these; these acts too have a devastating effect on the students s tudying in the school. In short the incidents that hamper the daily activity of the schools, and that which are not welcoming in are categorized as the critical incidents. The critical incidents not only have a negative effect on the students but at the same time the critical incidents also have a negative impact or an effect on the people working in the organization. The symptoms and the way the students and the staff will react vary with the cultural background of the students and the staff. Therefore, the critical incidents should be dealt carefully, because it could gave rise to harmful conflicts among the school personnel and at times the school authorities are also pressurize to take decision under stress. The schools always prepare themselves for things like earthquake, floods, and fires but along with preparing themselves for these kinds of incident it is also important to prepare the students as well as the staffs for critical incidents as well. The critical incidents not only include those traumatic incidents that are taking place within the school hour and in the school premises but at the same time those incident that took place after the school hours and even away from the school premises should also be taken into consideration. The incident that could take outside the school premises and after school hours include incidents that are occurring in a sports activity or in a sports event. The activities like a murder in the school premise, or a sudden death in the school premise, or the sudden death inside the school, through incidents like suicide could have a negative effect on the people who are there in the school. Things like, child abuse and violence, or any kind of serious injury occurring due to any cause like the use of the weapon in the school premise could also have a bad effect not only the students who are studying there but also on the other people as well (Ortoleva and Btrancourt 2016). Things like the bomb threat too, are not at all very good for the mental health of the people who are there in the school and therefore, the school should always be ready to provide support to these people. The schools should chalk out a plan so that even if any such situation takes place inside the school premise then that could be easily avoided through the proper plans and the measures that are being taken by the school authority. The school management and the authori ty should also be ready to provide mental support to both the staff and the students so that they could easily overcome the trauma through which they are going and live a better and a healthy life. The school should have their plans ready for handling any kind of dangerous or critical situation, so that if it takes place the school authority and the management have enough knowledge and learning to handle the situation; the most important part is that the school authority should be ready to handle the emotional trauma through which the staffs, the teachers and most importantly the teachers and the students go through. The schools should have a team ready so that in case there is any critical situation or if there is an occurrence of the critical incident inside the school, they can act immediately without much problem or hesitation. The team should include the principal of the school, the counselor who is there in the school and at the same time the schools should also have the head of every department and the other staffs as well; which include the clerical staff, the child care worker, the assistant teachers and the other staffs of the school. My friend told me that the people who are included in these teams must possess certain qualities and it include qualities like compassion, friendliness, the leadership quality and the qualities such as these. Moreover the members should also have the decision making quality and at the same time the members should also have the listening quality as well. They should be able to listen to all the instruction and decision carefully and should follow the decision accordingly. Most importantly they should always be available and they should feel comfortable in working in flexible times, only then they should be there in the team. Theological Reflection The project really intrigued me a lot and I wanted to find out if theology could really help me to find an answer to the problems that are being faced by those who have experienced the critical incidents. I wanted to find out that if theology could provide solace to those people who had faced the critical situation? Do theology and its texts provide any kind of support, especially emotional support to those who have face the critical situation? Therefore, I looked into few texts, like the Bible, Genesis, and the gospels and into few other texts to have answers of the questions that are raised within me. Child abuse or any kind of abuse is something that should be prohibited, at least, according to me. I wonder if Bible has anything to say about abuse or not, so I took the Bible and went through the Bible. I found out that Bible has not use the word abuse anywhere, although it has prohibited abuse, especially emotional abuse is being prohibited by the Bible. According to gospel of James, in chapter 3 and in line 9, anyone who is being created in the image of God should not be cursed in any way. In the gospel of Matthew in chapter 22 lines 35 to 40, I found out that emotional abuse actually violates two of the greatest commandments of God; among those two greatest commandments one is the love towards the God and love for all the others who are made in the image of the God. Mark in chapter 8 and in line 34 has stated that if the Man spoke the wholesome words then he denies the Christian way of living a life in a roundabout way. Therefore, in the gospel of Mark also the same prohibition , against using abuses is being found (Higton 2015). The Ephesian chapter 4 line 29 states that if a person uses abusive words then he (she) lacks the fear of God and at the same time it also means that the persons action could lead to destruction. Therefore, the use of the abusive words actually means denying the fact that there is a presence or the existence of any kind of God. After I have found out these facts about abuses I wanted to found out what Bible has to say about all the different kinds of violence and destruction and how the Bible or any other theological texts condemned any kind of violence (Lim 2015). Before I found out the words that are against violence or any kind of destruction I found out these lines that could provide solace to any person who has gone through any critical situation or who could actually be the medium through which violence can occur at any point of time: The Lord's bond-servant must not be quarrelsome, but be kind to all, able to teach, patient when wronged, with gentleness correcting those who are in opposition, if perhaps God may grant them repentance leading to the knowledge of the truth, and they may come to their senses and escape from the snare of the devil, having been held captive by him to do his will. (2Timothy 2:24-26) Violence and overcoming violence is a difficult thing and at times the trauma of violence is such that overcoming that violence becomes a challenge for the human beings. I thought if during a critical situation someone is gone through that deep trauma of violence and could not overcome it and is thinking about the ultimate sin, ending the life that is being build in the image of the God; then is there any way to bring that person out of that trauma? I thought the Bible should have something for that person and therefore, I searched for it and I found that according to the evangelist, the life that is being provided by the God is a divine life. The fact that the Earth is not the ultimate rather it is the penultimate, is a truth but at the same it is also a truth that the duties and the works that are being carried out on this Earth are sacred duties and should be carried out properly, and this penultimate reality should have a perfection of the love if there is a love towards the brot hers and the sisters who are surviving on this Earth and is living an Earthly life (Hick 2015). It is true that the Old Testament has many stories, where the examples of violence and violent acts being carried out by the order of the God are being stated. For example there is the story of Abraham, to whom God commands to sacrifice his son Isaac by binding him, although he was later saved by one of the angels. The New Testament although have reference to those facts where things like kindness, gentility, love is being given more importance than any other things. For example in case of the New Testament, these lines are being found: Be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave you". (Ephesians 4:32) But I say to you who hear, Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you". (Luke 6:27) You have heard that it was said, You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? And if you greet only your brothers, what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same?". (Matthew 5:43-48) The act of violence is always being condemned in the Bible and the New Testament, especially condemns any act of violence to a great extend. The project of my friends is about those children and those people who faces critical situation in the school and thus it can be said that the project is directly related to the human sufferings, or rather to the sufferings of life. The sufferings are not only physical sufferings but at the same time it is also related to mental or to the emotional sufferings as well. I know Jesus had suffered a lot and had died for the human kind sacrificing his life, none of the human sufferings could match his sufferings but then if I had to things about human sufferings I have to know more about what the Christian theology and its texts had to say about human pain and human sufferings (Moltmann 2015). In the Christian Theology one of the most important part is the theology of Cross. According to the theology of cross, one could only recognize the self revelation of God, through, shame, humility and through sufferings. Therefore, sufferings are an important part of the human life because without sufferings one could not think of a life because God identify with human compassion and human love through human sufferings. Therefore, sufferings of the human life are a must needed thing and one should accept the sufferings that he/she experiences. According to Pope John Paul II, "Suffering is something which is still wider than sickness", and he states the following things because he believe that there is a kind of "distinction between physical suffering and moral suffering" (Boxall et.al 2015) The theology and the texts therefore, helped me to know what the Bible has to say about pain, sufferings, abuse and violence. I felt that the project with which my friend is dealing is really very good and the theology and the texts of theology could be very helpful in this case (Holligan and Wilson 2015). The texts in theology could not only guide the people who are planning or rather getting prepared with a plan but at the same time, it will also help those people who are going through the trauma and they need counseling and other kinds of emotional and psychological support to get out from that trauma. The Bible and other texts such as the New Testament and the Gospels and the other texts, even the words of the Pope John Paul II are helpful and at times supportive for the students and the staff who has gone through any kind of critical experience. I also think that the team which should be prepared for combating the critical incidents whenever it occurs should also include people who have the good knowledge of the theology and the words of these theological texts would be very useful in providing the right and the correct support to those, who has gone through an emotional trauma. Action/Response The project of my friend really overwhelmed me and I thought that the people or rather the students in my ministry is also going through a same kind of experience and if I too could help in promoting such a special education system then nothing will be better than it. Therefore, I had talk with the senior pastor of my ministry and he too felt that the idea is really a very good idea and he provided me with all his support so that I could carry on with my project. I therefore, decided to arrange a meeting in my church where I addressed all the other people and let them know about my project. My project include not only providing the best support to the students and the staffs in the school, so that they could combat the critical situations whenever it takes place but at the same time I also aim at providing theological education to the students and the staff as well. The education will not be provided for any religious purpose, rather the purpose of providing this education will be to make sure that people during the time of crisis have enough mental or psychological strength, to help the others, to show kindness and love towards the others. I believe that the education will also help the students as well as the staffs to come out of any kind of trauma through which they are going and thus the theological texts will really help me to carry on with my project in my ministry Moreover, people who are being induce with the thought of suicide and other things for them the lesson of learning and the importance of having human life should be explained properly and therefore, in my project these texts will definitely play a very important role and this is the conclusion to which I have reached after the theological reflection I had. References Boxall, I. and Matthew, D., 2015. Allen, Michael, and Scott R. Swain. Reformed Catholicity: The Promise of Retrieval for Theology and Biblical Interpretation. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2015. Anatolios, Khaled. The Holy Trinity in the Life of the Church. Grand Rapids: Baker Aca-demic, 2014. Arnold, Bill T. Ancient Israels History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources. Grand. Toronto Journal of Theology, pp.303-306. Brock, B., 2015. What does disability have to do with Christian ethics? Why its absence matters. St Mark's Review, (232), p.23. Brock, B., 2015. What does disability have to do with Christian ethics? Why its absence matters. St Mark's Review, (232), p.23. Buc, P., 2015. Holy War, Martyrdom, and Terror: Christianity, Violence, and the West. University of Pennsylvania Press. Cox, J.E., 2015. Love is Better than Knowledge: Paul, Luther and a Theology of Being Human. theology sexuality, 21(1), pp.53-69. Green, W., 2015. CS Lewis Theology on Pain and Suffering. Herman, J.L., 2015. 5 Sexual violence, han, and spiritual death. Rape Culture and Spiritual Violence: Religion, Testimony, and Visions of Healing, p.83. Hick, J., 2015. God and the Universe of Faiths. Oneworld Publications. Higton, M., 2015. Carter Lindberg, Love: A Brief History Through Western Christianity. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008, xii+ 195pp. 18.99 Werner G. Jeanrond, A Theology of Love. London: T. T. Clark, 2010, xiv+ 292pp. 19.99 Gary Chartier, The Analogy of Love: Divine and Human Love at the Center of Christian Theology. Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2007, xviii+ 294pp. 17.95. International Journal of Systematic Theology, 17(3), pp.344-346. Holligan, C. and Wilson, M., 2015. Critical incidents as formative influences on the work of educational researchers: understanding an insider perspective through narrative enquiry. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(3), pp.453-473. Lim, T., 2015. Book Review: Christ and Reconciliation, A Constructive Christian Theology for the Pluralistic World Series, volume 1, written by Veli-Matti Krkkinen. Pneuma, 37(1), pp.130-132. Moltmann, J., 2015. The Crucified God. Fortress Press. Olsen, G.W., 2015. Holy War, Martyrdom, and Terror: Christianity, Violence, and the West, ca. 70 CE to the Iraq War by Philippe Buc (review). The Catholic Historical Review, 101(4), pp.892-894. Ortoleva, G. and Btrancourt, M., 2016. Supporting productive collaboration in a computer-supported instructional activity: peer-feedback on critical incidents in health care education. Journal of Vocational Education Training, pp.1-20. Prez, Z.M., 2015. We Love God, the Holy Spirit!. The Asbury Journal, 70(2), p.6. Pope, S.J. ed., 2015. Hope and Solidarity: Jon Sobrino's Challenge to Christian Theology. Orbis Books. Schreiter, R.J., 2015. Reconciliation: Mission and ministry in a changing social order. Orbis books. Shetty, P., 2016. Medical Mission and the Interpretation of Pain. In Cultural Ontology of the Self in Pain (pp. 269-283). Springer India. Stormshak, E.A., Brown, K.L., Moore, K.J., Dishion, T., Seeley, J. and Smolkowski, K., 2016. Going to scale with family-centered, school-based interventions: Challenges and future directions. In Family-School Partnerships in Context (pp. 25-44). Springer International Publishing. Thistlethwaite, S.B., 2015. Women's Bodies as Battlefield: Christian Theology and the Global War on Women. Palgrave Macmillan. Thistlethwaite, S.B., 2015. Women's Bodies as Battlefield: Christian Theology and the Global War on Women. Palgrave Macmillan. Torrance, T.F., 2015. The Christian frame of mind: Reason, order, and openness in theology and natural science. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Townes, E. ed., 2015. Troubling in my Soul: Womanist Perspectives on Evil and Suffering. Orbis Books. Wilkinson, I. and Kleinman, A., 2016. A Passion for Society: How We Think about Human Suffering (Vol. 35). Univ of California Press.

Iron In Drinking Water Essays - Spectroscopy, Absorbance

Iron In Drinking Water Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to gain the quantitative measure of the color difference between Transmitance and absorbance in 8 different samples of water containing varying amounts of iron in a range between 5-100ppm, so that we know which samples where exceptable for drinking. Data: The Mystery Solution had a transmittance of 62.2% Calculations: 80ppm(25ml)= 20ml 100ppm This means that in order to get 25ml of 80ppm solution 20ml of water must be added to the previous solution. Absorbtion: y=2-Log (concentration) Y=2-Log (10.3) Y=0.98 Mystery Solution: Absorbance= .0103 X concentration of mystery solution Absorbance= .05011 Mystery Solution: .206209615=.0103* concentration of mystery solution Concentration=20 Question 2. 125/20=6.25 x Less Question 3. 8 ounces (1 quart/32 ounces) (1 liter/1.057 quarts)=.2365 Discussion: The Spectrophotometer measures the absorbance of light, a beam of light is passed through a transparent tube containing the absorbing liquid. The intensity of light reaching a detector is compared to the intensity reaching the detector in the absence of the absorbing material. Beer's law is that the absorbance (defined as log) is proportional to the concentration.

How To Revise A Novel A Step-by-Step Guide

How To Revise A Novel A Step-by-Step Guide How To Revise A Novel: Taking Your Manuscript From Scruffy To Spliffy Last updated: 2017/07/11A week after NaNoWriMo, it is time for you to go back to your novel and ruthlessly revise it. To help you with that, we asked our specialist developmental editor Maria D’Marco to share her top tips on how to revise a novel. Follow them and you might be able to turn your first draft into material worthy of submission.The first thing to keep in mind once you have finished your first draft is that the writing process is not over. You have to accept that creating ever-improving iterations of your manuscript takes time. Your goal here is not perfection (you’ll have to work with a pro editor to get there), it is balance; so do not get hung up on minutiae and work quickly through your drafts.How to revise a novel in 9 key stagesThere is one underlying concept that should drive your revision process: the foundation of Continuity and Relationships, or how everything relates to every other thing in the story.Of course, you shouldn’t try to tackle ev erything at once; instead you should avoid mind-boggle by approaching your re-writes progressively, stage-by-stage.Share this infographic! Click below  to tweet about it or Pin it on your board 🙂 The first 4 stages of the revision process are primarily developmental and should be tackled as individual reviews and re-writes. Each stage will potentially represent a new iteration of the draft. A novice author should expect to perform at least 3 total revisions of their manuscript, before moving into the writing reviews (the last 2 stages). Character reviews are the most time-intensive, deservedly so.Time LineAs the author, you have a running timeline or chronology for your story. It is vital to remember that the reader is not privy to this timeline until you share it with them. Do not leave them to their own devices! This is your story- lead the way!Again, consistency is your gate-keeper, so your revision must ensure that your time line makes sense, supports the story, and has no "whaaa?" factors. You can also check for innovative ways to introduce your time line, which may enlighten as to the time of day, day of the week, month, year, season, etc. Using well-known events can es tablish multiple time points, as well as having a character who is a bit (or very) obsessed with time and checks watches and clocks regularly.CharactersYou have an intimate knowledge of all your characters- well, most likely anyway. To capture their essence on the page and ensure continuity, follow each character through the entire manuscript. Do their actions make sense? Do they contribute to every scene they occupy? Do they elicit emotion? Do they create a turn in the plot (however small)? Are they clichà ©? Does their dialogue add to the scene or the progression of the story?Each character must have a purpose to the story, so perform your revision by 'seeing' the story through their eyes and enriching their interactions, actions, and dialogue as you go.Environments ScenesYou 'see' the environment of every scene vividly, but have you created that vivid environment for the reader? You know the season, the time of day, the placement of each character (plus their mindset importanc e to the scene) within the scene, what the character is wearing, how the action will progress within the scene, etc.As you revise, is every environment and scene written to engage the reader's imagination? And are they imagining what you want and need them to imagine?From worldbuilding to a space the character only occupies for a moment, you must scrutinize each environmental element for opportunities to enrich your story and build a stronger draft.Transitions PacingThese are related elements that can be sticky to refine. The need to identify any lack of consistency in the movement of the story is the goal.Transitions, whether paragraph breaks, chapter breaks, or scene changes are finessed partitions that conclude or leave things hanging and set up or anticipate moves within the story. Transitions can come at the end of a paragraph, chapter, or scene, but can also occur at other times, particularly as set up or anticipatory dialogue or 'hint dropping'.Pacing ties to transitions, as well as to types of scenes, and can keep readers breathless and excited, bored to tears, or precariously tormented between the two. It is the engagement factor that determines the rate at which your story is absorbed. Some refer to pacing as 'flow', not to be confused with 'readability', which refers to comprehension.Revise your story transitions, re-writing to improve focus and positioning, while cementing pivotal transitions that function as story turning points. A 'log' of transitions can help track the movement of the story. This same log can be a complementary tool in your pacing review, allowing you to further indentify and re-write material to support story continuity.Assumed KnowledgeThis is, to me, the greatest pitfall in authoring any novel- or any other type of writing. We have a wealth of knowledge about our book, from personal experience and observations to careful research. We have saturated our minds with endless details, as well as visions of our story, characters, and environments. We then write from that empowered position; and often, assumption of knowledge skewers our story.In every revision, along with the foundation of continuity and relationships, be mindful of assumed knowledge. Shore up the information presented to the reader when necessary so the reader can experience your story from your deeper perspective.Sentence Starts StructuresStrictly a writing review, with the objective of exposing repetitive writing habits. Such habits can dramatically affect your story, as they eventually become predictable to the reader, which then makes them aware of you, the author, instead of your story.Everyone has writing habits. They are tied to our accustomed way of communicating. Some are so ingrained that they become known as our 'style'.This revision isn't meant to dilute your style, your special voice, or any other uniqueness in your writing. Instead, you will be checking for unimaginative sentence starts, obtuse or convoluted sentence structur es, and repetitive phrases or words or use of character names, among other things.Continuity isn't bettered by starting nearly every sentence with a pronoun or a character's name. Combining related concepts in a complex sentence can enrich a transition or deepen emoting. Creating 40-50 word sentences that over-explain, confuse, or present concepts at cross-purposes can tire a reader and even cause them to abandon your story.Identify when, where, and if these lame or aggravating writing habits appear in your story, and then re-write to strengthen your story.DialogueYou probably can envision most of the conversations held between your characters, but have you framed these conversations in an engaging way, avoided using actions or reactions as dialogue tags (we can grimace, but cannot 'grimace' words), or ensured that a conversation actually contributes to the story?Once again, continuity and the relationship of dialogue to the scene and story should guide you in your revision and re-w rites. Consider the entirety of the scene, what it is meant to accomplish, and if the dialogue promotes that goal. Does the dialogue expand and deepen the understanding of the story, the characters, and the relationships between all?An additional review aspect is to identify any instances where dialogue is used as an info-dump, back-story or otherwise. Determine if that material is better presented as narrative. Dialogue that informs is fine, as long as it is the most appropriate and powerful way to present the information.Are you looking for more advice on how to revise your novel? Check out some of our  other editors' advice on the Kobo blog.Of course, nothing trumps working with editing professionals. And we happen to have the best ones (like Maria) on Reedsy, so check out our marketplace here.

10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun

10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun 10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun 10 Ways To Form a Compound Noun By Maeve Maddox Compound nouns are of three kinds: open, hyphenated, and closed. As the names imply, â€Å"open compounds† are written as separate words, â€Å"hyphenated compounds† are written with one or more hyphens, and â€Å"closed compounds† are written as a single word. Many compounds begin as open, progress to hyphenated, and finish as closed. Because of the modern preference to avoid hyphenating words as much as possible, newly created compounds tend to develop closed forms earlier than they might have in the past. Some compounds written as one word in US usage are hyphenated in British usage. Compound nouns are formed by combining different parts of speech. This list of ten is not exhaustive. 1. noun + noun wheeler-dealer bedroom shoelace 2. noun + preposition/adverb hanger-on voice-over passerby (Br. passer-by) 3. noun + adjective attorney general battle royal poet laureate 4. noun + verb airlift haircut snowfall 5. adjective + noun high school poor loser redhead 6. adjective + verb well-being whitewashing 7. preposition/adverb + noun off-ramp onlooker 8. verb + noun singing lesson washing machine 9. verb + preposition/adverb warm-up know-how get-together follow-through 10. word + preposition + word free-for-all mother-in-law word-of-mouth Most compound nouns form their plurals like any other noun: by adding an s to the end of the word: wheeler-dealers, washing machines, onlookers. A few, like mother-in-law and hole in one do not place the s at the end, but on the most significant word: mothers-in-law, holes in one. Some compounds of French origin in which the adjective stands last have more than one acceptable plural (depending upon the dictionary): attorney generals or attorneys general court martials or courts martial film noirs, films noir, or films noirs runner-ups or runners-up Because there are no hard and fast rules regarding the writing of compound nouns, stylebooks advise writers to consult a dictionary when in doubt. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonHow Do You Pronounce "Often"?